Clothing in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay -- essays research pa

Clothing: A Form of Rebellion â€Å"Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used by the author to represent abstract ideas or concepts.† Symbolism in literature is the depth and hidden meaning in any piece of work. The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a powerful and evocative novel laced with symbolism. The most obvious is the symbol of the scarlet letter itself, representing Hester’s sin of adultery. Hawthorne’s other symbols are less obvious and are very often obscured in the novel. Clothing is an important but often forgotten symbol in The Scarlet Letter. Clothing is defined as â€Å"garments collectively, clothes, raiment, apparel†¦ a covering† (dictionary.com). The second part of the definition, which describes clothing as â€Å"a covering† is the most relevant to its symbolism in the novel (dictionary.com). Hester is a seamstress and uses it as her source of income to support herself and her daughter Pearl. Hester uses clothing as a covering or escape from her sentence of having to wear the scarlet letter on her bosom all the time. The connotation of the word throughout the novel is a form of rebellion. Her work supplies an outlet for Hester’s artistic sensibilities, which she exercises in the work she does for others and in the clothes she embroiders for Pearl. With Pearl’s attire, Hester can give â€Å"the gorgeous tendencies of her imagination their full play† (Scarlet). Hester dresses Pearl in bright colors rather than the dark, drab colors that were so prevalently worn in Puritan society. In Chapter 1, the beginning scene of the novel, Hawthorne describes a group of Puritans in front of the prison. They were wearing â€Å"sad-colored garments and gray†¦hats.† Some were wearing hoods (Scarlet 42). Already Hawthorne is sh... ...l anyone of his crime. Moreover, clothing has vague significance because the reverend is wearing a black veil, like Chillingworth who wears black all the time, and that gives insight to his evil nature. In conclusion, clothing is used for multiple reasons in the novel. Hester uses it as a form of rebellion, it is her way to express her feelings through garments. In addition, it is her way of rebelling against Puritan society, by dressing Pearl in colors much not the norm to the society. In addition, clothing is also used to reflect character and situation in the novel. The clothes worn by Chillingworth and by the witch foreshadow their character. Colors of clothing are also important. The use of bright colors, such as crimson, and gold conveys how dissimilar Hester and Pearl are viewed by the Puritan society, which generally dresses in plain, emotionless colors.

Training Needs Assessment Paper

Training Needs Assessment for Chicago Transit Authority By Tammi Adams Table of Contents Executive Summary___________________________________________________ 3 Background of CTA___________________________________________________ 4 Needs Assessment Design, Implementation and Analysis_____________________5 Recommended Training Strategy and Design______________________________6 Cost/Benefit Analysis__________________________________________________ 8 Training Evaluation Plan_______________________________________________9 References___________________________________________________________10Executive Summary We here at CTA are committed to providing quality and safe service to our customers which is why we are committed in making sure that all qualified individuals are trained to the highest standard. This training needs assessment is focused on the bus operators of the CTA since they are the public face of the agency. Before any training can begin individuals have to go through series of test to see if a individual is qualified. Once a person is qualified and hired they will start a 4 week training class with qualified CTA instructors.This 4 week training class will consist of classroom work and on- the- road techniques. Once the training has ended the trainee will take a 100 question exam to see how much they have learned though out the training course. In order to the successfully pass the training course the trainee will have to pass at least 80% of the exam. If a trainee has failed to pass the exam they will be given a second chance, but if they fail again, potential employment at CTA will be terminated. After a trainee has successfully passed the training course they will be known as a professional bus operator and will start working on their own.Once the bus operator starts working an instructor will come out at random to observe them to see if all rules and procedures are being followed. CTA has decided that every 2 years all bus operators will have to ta ke a recertification class to refresh their skills and learn new ones. Background of CTA The CTA is the nation’s second largest public transportation system which covers the City of Chicago and 40 of its surrounding suburbs. The CTA is provided by their modes which are the bus and rail service while the bus service is the public face of the agency. On a average CTA provides over 1. 4 million rides which accounts for 80% of all taken in the six county Chicago metropolitan region. CTA operates 24 hours each day on an average weekday. It has approximately 1,800 buses which operates 140 routes. Buses provide about one million passenger trips a day and serve more than 12,000 posted bus stops. The Chicago Transit Authority's 1,190 train cars operates eight routes, its trains provide about 650,000 customer trips each day and serve 144 stations in Chicago. CTA’s mission is to deliver quality, affordable transit services that link, commuters, jobs, and communities.CTA has many values but the most important one is providing transit service with the highest standards of quality and safety for our customers. Another value is that they focus on getting the job done and will derive personal satisfaction from the service they provide. With this being said while providing quality service it is important that CTA has dedicated and skillfully trained employees. It is important for the employees to be aware of all procedures so they can provide service with high standards. The specific position at CTA I will be discussing is the position of Bus Operators.At CTA, bus operators are the face of the agency which is why it is important for them to ensure CTA’s goal of providing quality and safe service to its customers. Bus operators are the ones who operate bus transportation over a route adhering to a schedule in a safe efficient and polite manner to allow passengers to board travel and alight at scheduled stops. Needs Assessment Design, Implementation and Anal ysis At CTA safety is its number 1 priority, with this being said training definitely supports the company strategic direction.It is important that everyone who operates a bus knows how to operate it safely, know the rules of the road, what to do in case of an accident and knows all of CTA procedures. With the proper training CTA can reduce the number of accidents it has had throughout the years and offer its customers the best transit service. CTA has decided that all training will be done in-house and that all training be conducted by CTA certified Instructors. All instructors are former CTA bus operators who have been bus operators for over 10 years and have a clean driving record.The duties of a bus operator are navigating the bus through an assigned route, manages the collection of bus fares, provides customer service to its passengers, report conditions that could jeopardize the safety of the passenger or other members of the public and maintains contact with dispatch and repo rts current position and conditions affecting the operation of the route as required and assists in loading, securing, and unloading wheelchairs and passengers. Before anyone can start training with CTA there are a few qualifications they must have. They first must pass a personality test.The reason being is to determine what kind of person you are and how you would handle certain situations that may arise while you are operating your bus. Before training can begin all trainees must possess a high school diploma and have basic skills such as writing, communication and reading. Bus operators must be able to communicate with its passengers in a professional manner and along with being able to read road signs. Before trainees start training sessions they will have to possess a clean driving record and a valid class B Commercial Driver’s License with an unrestricted passenger endorsement.Recommended Training Strategy and Design The training will include classroom work, and on-the road training techniques to ensure that all employees will be prepared for being able to work on their own. The classroom session will consist of learning the operation of a public bus which will include familiarization with all safety features and its system. It will also include learning traffic rules, regulations and laws, learn the fare structure, and learn how to read schedules.Included will also be topics such as how to provide first aid assistance in the event of an accident; promoting transit rider-ship within the Municipality and how to maintain a working relationship that is professional with your coworkers, superiors and passengers. The on-the-road training techniques will consist of how to operate a bus in a safe, efficient and timely manner to comply with all regulatory requirements and all standards. Some of the techniques that will be learned is how to make a right and left turn, how to curb the bus and learning how to change lanes.Training will also include how to o perate and utilize standard safety equipment that is installed in transit passenger vehicles, including; safety harnesses, restraints and other equipment that is required by state and federal regulations. Once this has been established the trainee will team up with a bus line instructor to learn various routes and they will also see how it is to drive in service with passengers. During this time the bus line instructor will observe the trainee’s driving, collecting pay fares and also how they are dealing with passengers that aboard the bus.All training at CTA consists of 4 weeks, Mon thru Fri 8 hours a day: 2 weeks of classroom work, 1 week of on-the-road training and 1 week of driving with a bus operator to learn all of the routes. Once the trainee has completed these 4 weeks of training they will be required to take a 100 question test on everything that has been learned throughout the training course. In order to pass the training the trainee will be required to pass 80% o f the test. If a trainee does not pass at least 80% of the test they will have one- on-one training with an instructor for 1 week on topics that they are struggling with.After extensive training another test will be given and the trainee must pass this test or else they will not be hired for employment with CTA. Direct Cost| Cost/Benefit Analysis| In-house instructors (20 [email  protected] $480)| $9,600 | Materials ($40 *20 trainees)| $800 | | | | | Compensation for Trainees| | Trainees salaries| $32,000 | | | Total training cost| $42,400 | | | Cost per trainee| $2,120 | Training Evaluation Plan After the trainee has passed all tests and has started working on their own, an instructor will ride with the operator and observed them to see if all rules are being followed properly.Not only will instructors ride with new operators, they will further ride with all operators at random to see if they are following all rules and procedures of the company. CTA will also hire spotters who w ill go out and observe operators to see if procedures are being handled properly and if procedures are not followed the spotter will report the operator to CTA officials. Another thing that CTA does to ensure that training is followed effectively is that once a new bus operator has started they will be evaluated every month for a year to see if there have been any violations or accidents.In addition CTA will also provide on-going education services (recertification class) so that employees may continue to refresh existing qualifications and obtain new skills. This type of training will be given to all employees every two years. A retraining class will also be given to an operator if they have been involved in an accident by which it was their fault. This type of training will consist of what might have been done to avoid the accident along with going over necessary techniques.This training can range from 1 to 5 days depending on how serious the accident was. A test will also be give n following retraining to insure the operator has a thorough understanding of what they have learned and how they can avoid being involved in another accident. CTA must stay committed in making sure that all operators are following proper procedures throughout training evaluation to ensure they are committed to their goal which is provide necessary transit service with the highest standards of quality and safety for its customers.References Chicago Transit Authority. (2011, June 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved , from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Chicago_Transit_Authority;oldid=434808174 Chicago Transit Authority. (2011,June 15). CTA Overview. Retrieved from http://www. transitchicago. com/about/overview. aspx Mass Transit. (2011,June 9) Managers Forum. Retrieved from http://www. masstransitmag. com/article/10220533/managers-forum

The Dichotomy of Self Reliance and Conformity - 1169 Words

The Dichotomy of Self Reliance and Conformity The late 18th Century in American history was dominated by an era of emotional and individualistic values of oneself, and a powerful sense of limitless possibilities. This was the Romanticism Period. An incredible number of miraculous masterpieces were contrived during this period of enlightenment, including Nathaniel Hawthorne’s dramatically thematic and ambiguous short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, as well as Ralph Waldo Emerson’s intriguingly influential and uplifting essay, â€Å"Self-Reliance†. Hawthorne’s writing aspires to implicate theories and themes about the reality of the world we live in and to illustrate our individual limitations through the art of symbolism and irony. Emerson uses†¦show more content†¦Goodman Brown did the complete opposite. He immediately condemned his father and grandfather once his accompanying traveler argued that they too had sinned, leading him to loose faith in goodness. In support of Emersonâ₠¬â„¢s ideology of trust, Hawthorne allows his readers to assume that Goodman Brown’s lack of personal trust is what leads him to isolation. Hawthorne uses the idea of Goodman Brown’s journey in the form of a dream as a means to establish uncertainty in the mind of the reader. For the same reason, the narrator poses the question, â€Å"Had Goodman Brown fallen asleep in the forest and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch-meeting?† (111). Hawthorne leaves this question unanswered to show that it does not matter if Goodman Brown’s experience was real or a dream, but what matters is how it impacted him. According to Emerson, people must trust themselves before trusting others. One must have confidence in his or her own abilities. Goodman Brown completely shunned everyone around him and isolated himself from his community, and although Emerson believed that conforming to society scatters one’s individual self, he would not have approved of isolationism. As expected, Emerson and Hawthorne clearly had different views about American culture and society. Emerson viewed America as a new and innocent country with a clear slate, unburdened by previousShow MoreRelatedThe Pbs Frontline Interview, Digital Demands, By Sherry Turkle1275 Words   |  6 Pagesarts of stillness and critical self-examination, adolescents must first reexamine the wanton approach with which they today appropriate technology. Turkle readily admits that adolescence is one of the more challenging periods of a person s life, but offers that these difficulties are in fact the genesis of maturation. Similarly, renowned psychologist Erik Erikson once explicated a theory that examined the process of adolescence by marking stages in the discovery of self-identity. Erikson held thatRead MoreThe Invisible Veil Of White Supremacy1744 Words   |  7 Pagesdenying the results that showed I held implicitly racist beliefs. At that point though, I didn’t understand the distinction between explicit and implicit racist beliefs. I had been socialized in a white culture that uses formal logic to create a dichotomy in which racism and being a good person are two completely separate things. I had believed that the only people who were racist were those who were southerners, â€Å"white trash,† or overtly racist like the KKK and Neo-Nazis. I had no idea how thisRead MoreMilitary Culture6972 Words   |  28 Pag esproductive standards. g. Heavy Commitments. Over the years, the commitments in the army (particularly non-professional and administrative) have multiplied placing added strain on units and the men. Organising â€Å"Meena Bazars† undertaking projects on self help basis, large fatigues/working parties and internal security duties etc are amongst the host of non-professional and administrative commitments consuming lot of manpower and keeping troops away from the training. h. Regimentation.Under theRead More5 Hour Energy Shot Business Proposal for the United Kingdom Expansion10942 Words   |  44 Pages5-10 years. The target market will be the general consumer with a strong focus on the office worker and older consumer. iii Energy shots appeal to a wider group including older people, women, and professionals, the office audience,† who is about â€Å"conformity: staying alert, working harder.† In the past, marketing has also positioned energy drinks as promoting rebelliousness and an association with young people. iv However, we propose that that the main target market begins with an infiltration of businessRead MoreA Critique of Porter’s Cost Leadership and Differentiation Strategies10186 Words   |  41 PagesBusiness Economics Conference to be held in Oxford, England, June 22-24. 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As these obstacles are formidable and defy simple solutions, it is not ourRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPhenomenology reaches the emotions Ethnomethodology: understanding organizational ‘common sense’ Organizational symbolism The ways in which individuals develop a sense of self in organizations 282 282 284 286 287 288 288 293 294 298 300 301 . Contents xi The self as dramatic artful creation Negotiating the way between the self and the organization’s rules Developing the organizational identity Understanding organization culture through symbols Introduction – two ways of exploring cultureRead MoreEssay about Agency Problem26370 Words   |  106 Pagesa series of articles argued that the SEC is an inefï ¬ cient body that does not enforce corporate governance rules for foreign issuers and that it maintains a â€Å"hands-off† policy for the most part. 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American Black Bear Facts

The American black bear (Ursus americanus) is a large omnivore that inhabits the forests, swamps, and tundra throughout the more northerly reaches of North America. In some areas such as the Pacific Northwest, it commonly lives at the edges of towns and suburbs where it has been known to break into storage buildings or cars in search of food. Fast Facts: American Black Bear Scientific Name: Ursus americanusCommon Name: American black bearBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 4.25–6.25 feet longWeight: 120–660 poundsLifespan: 10–30 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Forested areas in Alaska, Canada, the United States, MexicoPopulation: 600,000Conservation Status:  Least Concern Description Black bears vary considerably in color throughout their range. In the east, bears are usually black with a brown snout. But in the west, their color is more variable and can be black, brown, cinnamon, or even a light buff color. Along the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, there are two color morphs of black bears that are distinct enough to earn them nicknames: the whitish Kermode bear or spirit bear and the blue-gray glacier bear. Although some black bears may be colored like brown bears, the two species can be distinguished by the fact that the smaller black bears lack the dorsal hump characteristic of the larger brown bears. Black bears also have larger ears that stand more erect than brown bears. Black bears have powerful limbs and are equipped with short claws that enable them to break apart logs, climb trees, and collect grubs and worms. They also claw apart beehives and feed on the honey and bee larvae they contain. Habitat and Range The American black bear lives in forested areas throughout North America, from Canada to Mexico and in at least 40 states in the U.S. They used to live in almost all forested areas of North American, but now they are restricted to areas that are less densely populated by  humans. In Canada, the American black bear still lives in most of its historic range, other than the central plains. These bears also once inhabited the mountainous regions of northern Mexico, but their numbers have dwindled in this region. Black bears are one of three bear species that live in North America; the other two are the brown bear and the polar bear. Of these bear species, black bears are the smallest and most timid. When encountered by humans, black bears often flee rather than attack. Diet Black bears are omnivores. Their diet includes grasses, berries, nuts, fruit, seeds, insects, small vertebrates, and carrion. In northern regions, they eat spawning salmon. American black bears will also occasionally kill young deer or moose calves. In the colder parts of their range, black bears seek refuge in their den for the winter where they enter a winter sleep. Their dormancy is not true hibernation, but during their winter sleep, they refrain from eating, drinking, or excreting waste for as long as seven months. During this time, their metabolism slows and heart rate falls. Reproduction and Offspring Black bears reproduce sexually. They reach reproductive maturity at 3 years of age. Their breeding season occurs in spring but the embryo does not implant in the mothers womb until late fall. Two or three cubs are born in January or February. The cubs are very small and spend the next several months nursing in the safety of the den. Cubs emerge from the den with their mother in spring. They remain under the care of their mother until they are about 1 ½ years old at which time they disperse to seek out their own territory. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the American Black Bears conservation status as least concern.  And, the black bear is the most common bear in North America. However, all large mammals who eat meat—big cats, wolves, and bears—face threats stemming from the loss of prey and habitat. This includes black bears, though they are less affected because 95 percent of their diet is plant-based. American Black Bears and Humans American black bears across North America are also facing a decline in forest areas where they once lived due to the rapid expansion of urban areas. Indeed, most of the challenges black bears face in North America come from humans. American black bears are intelligent and learn quickly where they can find garbage left by people as well as where human food is easily accessible. This makes for the perfect conditions for human-bear conflict, according to the Wildlife Conservation Society. The problem is particularly pronounced in backcountry areas where humans hike and camp as well as populated forest areas, leading to dangerous conditions for black bears and humans alike. Sources â€Å"Black Bears.†Ã‚  WCS.org.â€Å"Basic Facts About Black Bears.†Ã‚  Defenders of Wildlife, 10 Jan. 2019.â€Å"Carnivore Collapse.†Ã‚  Defenders of Wildlife, 10 Jan. 2019.

Business Ethics - Final Exam - 2522 Words

Final Exam 1. Define what is referred to as an anti-fraternization policy. Draft a policy regarding employee fraternization, addressing issues which you deem important to include in such a policy (not to exceed one page). (Snoyenbos: 394) (DeGeorge: 226-232) (LA Times, 03 Feb 2007) Anti-fraternization policies aim to sidestep potential conflicts of interest that arise from work-related relationships involving people who are relatives or dating/marrying within the company. It is also designed to stop friendships within the workplace from decreasing productivity. While it is illegal for employers to stop their workers from fraternizing to discuss working conditions (LA Times, 03 Feb 2007), an ethical and effective policy should be put†¦show more content†¦Regardless of how you feel, all people are responsible for their actions and their foreseeable consequences. In terms of ethical limitations, there is a â€Å"role responsibility† to the duties that an agent takes on for his/her/its principal. When you take on a role, you also take on new responsibilities. In exercising these duties, no agent can justify being immoral. In the case that loyalty to one role creates a â€Å"clash of moral responsibilities,† it must be resolved in the same way that â€Å"clashes of comparable prima facie (first encounter) obligations are resolved.† 4. Using a teleological and deontological approach, discuss when is it ethically required to be a whistleblower (not to exceed three paragraphs)? (Snoyenbos: 379-390) (DeGeorge: 303-312, 313-317) It is ethically required to be a whistleblower when failure to â€Å"blow the whistle† results in any of the following: - Lives are endangered (due to improper service or maintenance) - Legalities are ignored (FAA regulations, federal or state law, etc.) - Moral obligation supersedes loyalty to the company There are times when whistleblowing is unethical, as well. Whistleblowing before going through the proper channels to address the issue is unethical. Such an act circumvents policy and works against any positive development while unceremoniously calling attention to an issue that might otherwise be handled internally. Whistleblowing is unethical if it is exploited forShow MoreRelatedBusiness 115 Final Exam Study Guide Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesBUSN115 Final Exam Study Guide The BUSN115 final exam is 3 pages long. It is a timed exam worth 250 points that you may enter only once. You have 3.5 hours to complete the exam. 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I think that todays society is a half version o Essay Example For Students

I think that todays society is a half version o Essay I think that todays society is a half version of George Owells novel, 1984, in some ways it is similar and in others, uniquely different. The closest we come today to a Big Brother is the mob. The people are also controlled by watchful security cameras and subliminal messages. However, something in life today is very different from that of 1984, it is the people. In the words of the famous lyricist, Power to the People.In analyzing Big Brother, there are similarities between it and the mob. The Mafia is a crime family that can see everything, there is no going against the mob or else someone is going to die. The Mafia is so widespread that it has operatives all over keeping an eye out for cops or law enforcement, this is the Mafias telescreens (Orwell 6). Another startling similarity between the mob and Big Brother is the Mafias strange way of making someone disappear or vaporize (Orwell). Almost unknowingly a persons identity can be changed, altered, or deleted. Authorities use secu rity and surveillance cameras to observe criminal activities or possibly every day activities. Too much surveillance liberties are given to police or FBI. By using hi-tech cameras which can actually document a persons life. Unknowingly, there may be a cute little camera installed in the bedroom. Another way that todays society controls the masses is subliminal messages. Illegal now, subliminal messages were widely used in the entertainment business, especially during the fifties. An example is that movie makers would add a split-second commercial add for popcorn and soda during a movie. Customers would actually be manipulated into buying these products. Even though, this kind of brainwashing is illegal, it is still very hard to detect, whos to say that we are not bombarded by subliminal messages just by watching commercials on television. This is too risky, to think that a persons actions and emotions can be swayed by someone elses perversions. Again, this is very similar to 1984. Of all the things there are today that would make it impossible for there to be an inner or outer party, as in 1984, is that there is each other. No matter how hard our government tries, they cannot reach everyone. Contrary to 1984, where they do get everyone, I feel that was extreme and unlikely. I find it highly unlikely that a form of government can find a way to get the whole world to follow them. 1984 is not a reality, strength lies in numbers. In conclusion, life in the nineties, is a very resilient time. In this time, there is a substantial amount of restriction of the public, much of which is for law and order. A lot of this day and age may resemble George Orwells 1984. It is nothing but a facade of government mixing with technology at a dangerous level. Theres nothing to fear because 1984 is far-fetched and an anti-socialists nightmare.

Materials Requirement Planning at Space Age Furniture

Introduction Manufacturing companies are involved in the business of developing products from rudimentary materials.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Materials Requirement Planning at Space Age Furniture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this paper, the author evaluates Space Age Furniture as a model manufacturing company. The author analyzes the concept of Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) and how it fits into the manufacturing spectrum. To this end, an MRP that is ideal for Space Age Furniture is developed. A critical analysis of the case study reveals that the efficiency of Space Age Furniture as a manufacturing company can be improved through the adoption of a functional MRP. Consequently, the various elements of the recommended system are highlighted in this paper. Specifically, the author will start by developing an MRP for Space Age Furniture Company. The system will be formulated using the inform ation provided in the case study. Secondly, the author will recommend strategies that can be used to enhance sub-assemblies. To this end, lot sizes of one thousand will be used as the yardstick. In addition, the author will analyze how overtime and inventory expenditures are related. An innovative MRP will be determined. The aim is to enhance the base figure used by Space Age. A comparison between manufacturing processes will be made. The comparative analysis will be used to identify the recommended mode of operation. The comparison will be followed by a review of strategies that can used to monitor operations. Finally, the author will propose transformations that may benefit the company. The alterations are aimed at enhancing value for the consumer. MRP for Space Age Furniture Company Developing an MRP requires three main elements. The Bill of Materials (BOM), Master Production Schedule (MPS), and Gross Requirements are the constituent elements of an ideal MRP (Vonderembse White, 2013). In line with this, the following is the recommended MRP for Space Age Furniture:Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Table 1 Recommended MRP for Space Age Furniture WEEK ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gemini 600 400 700 500 400 600 Saturn 300 400 400 600 300 300 Ways of Improving Sub-Assemblies The quality of production for a given product is determined by the performance of the sub-assembly unit. According to Li and Li (2000), most manufacturing companies make use f the mixed model assembly line. From the case study, it is evident that the two sub-assemblies are development with the help of one machine. Consequently, Space Age wishes to reduce change over time. The objective will be achieved by setting a limit of 1,000 units per batch. However, it is important to note that the capacity of the equipment has not been compromised in any way. In this regard, the best way to improve the performance is to eliminate wastage in the production time. The first step in improving the efficiency involves configurations. Vonderembse and White (2013) point out to the fact that sub-assemblies do not require complex configurations. Vonderembse and White (2013) suggest that the efficiency of a sub-assembly is realised when the lot volume moves faster. To this end, the machining process should reduce edges on part. In addition there needs to be a reduction in the parts that are loaded. Essentially, simplifying the configurations is a sure way of improving the performance of the respective sub-assemblies. A manufacturing company always has plenty of sub-assemblies for ‘reuse’ purposes. In this regard, efficiency can be enhanced through ‘saving as part’ (Li Li, 2000). When a procedure is saved as part the entire sub-assembly is perceived as a single unit.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Materials Requirement Plann ing at Space Age Furniture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Vonderembse and White (2013), this technique helps to eliminate unwanted details in the manufacturing process, thereby improving on the performance. Finally, removing all degrees of freedom is an almost certain technique in which the performance of the sub-assemblies can be realized. Li and Li (2000) argue that in most cases, sub-assemblies require addition of mates. In this regard, the nuts and bolts are always locked down. MRP requires a system that ensures complete mating of the areas that require the technique. Such a move eliminates the minus signs that emerge after the procedure has been carried out. Improving the Base MRP Existing MRPs are improved by incorporating additional elements in the computations. Under such circumstances, Vonderembse and White (2013) argue that the base MRP can be improved by obtaining the total number of stands made per week. The improvement is reflected in table 2 below: Table 2 Improving base MRP WEEK ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gemini 600 400 700 500 400 600 Saturn 300 400 400 600 300 300 Week 1= 600 + 300 = 900Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Week 2= 400 + 400 = 800 Week 3=700 + 400 = 1100 Week 4= 500 + 600 = 1100 Week 5= 400 + 300 = 700 Week 6= 600 + 300 = 900 The Trade-off between Overtime Costs and Inventory Costs An analysis of the trade-off between overtime and inventory costs is an avenue through which manufacturing companies satisfy their stochastic demands. According to Hamraz, Caldwell, and Clarkson (2013), manufacturing companies are required to meet the unmet demand through overtime production. Consequently, the cost trickles down to the inventory since the excess demand requires labor and materials to be produced. The case study cites Ed Szewczak, an employee, who earns $22 per hour. According to Vonderembse and White (2013), the figure translates to a 50% premium for any overtime work. From the case study, it is clear that production of section 3079 is unique. To this end, the process does not have a set-up time. However, the company has managed to ensure that normal processing does not exceed 0.03 hours for each item. Based on the estimates in the case study the inventory cost translates to $0.25 per week. There is also the expenditure associated with individual subassembly in accounts. The cost is $0.75 per unit per week (Vonderembse White, 2013). The analysis reveals that expenditure on overtime translates to increases in those associated with inventory. According to Hamraz et al. (2013), manufacturing firms can realize a reduced inventory costs by including a miscellaneous budget for when the demand exceeds the normal supply. Organizations that determine a blend between their inventory and overtime costs tend to perform better in a dynamic market. In this regard, Space Age Furniture is keen on improving their performance in this regard. As previously mentioned, the company has managed to ensure that normal processing does not exceed 0.03 hours per unit. Towards this end, the trade-off for overtime in favour of inventory costs becomes necessary. According to the MRP developed, it i s clear that the company’s major inventory costs is with respect to the numerous components required of the two stands (Vonderembse White, 2013). The inventory costs will ultimately go high given the single employee who has to work overtime. However, the base MRP needs to be re-evaluated to ensure that the cost remains within the workable limits Types of Production Processing Companies that engage in manufacturing are placed with the burden of transforming raw materials into viable products. In this regard, the element of production processing requires an analysis. According to Vonderembse and White (2013), there are three main types of production processing. The three include a job shop, batch, repetitive or continuous production. The efficiency of an organization is realized once the primary mode of operation in a plant is established. Consequently, an analysis of the respective production processing types is necessary. Job Shop Llewellyn and Tappin (2003) provides a worki ng definition of this concept. The definition is in relation to the application of the term in a manufacturing company. To this end, the concept is defined as a small manufacturing network. Once a specific task is completed, a job shop can carry out a different assignment from a totally different customer (Llewellyn Tappin, 2003). Job shops are characterized by machines depending on the available skill set. Consequently, this type of production processing is seen as being flexible since machines can handle multiple tasks. Batch There are manufacturing companies which carry out automated tasks without any manual interference. According to Llewellyn and Tappin (2003), such a technique is referred to as the batch process. In such cases, the production line is fed with a series of instructions to ensure that certain tasks are carried out without any form of human intervention. Vonderembse and White (2013) argue that the batch technique brings about better results when it comes to produ ction. The technique is able to produce high volumes of products. Repetitive Production During the manufacturing cycle, companies can produce a series of identical products. Such a technique is referred to as repetitive production (Vonderembse White, 2013). Companies that have adopted a repetitive production technique realise a reduced cost of inventory. A reduced inventory translates to low production costs. However, the establishment of a primary mode of production is the best avenue to evaluate the cost of production for a given commodity. Primary Mode of Production The three types of production processes provide the basis of how manufacturing companies operate. Nevertheless, the job shop is seen as the primary mode of production. According to Vonderembse and White (2013), the primary mode of production is where the major processing takes place. Of the three outlined, the job shop appears to the primary mode of production. The argument is supported by the fact that a job shop is responsible for the production of various parts albeit repeatedly (Vonderembse White, 2013). The batch and repetitive production are both crucial in hastening the production processes. However, Heim, Peng, and Shekhar (2013) describe a job shop as the main unit of production. Heim et al. (2013) argue that a job shop can produce any product en masse. In this regard, the primary mode of production should be seen from the basis of the content that is produced rather than the time taken. Keeping Track of Job Status and Location during Production Operation management entails the activities and procedures that evaluate the entire production process. Vonderembse and White (2013) point out that the job status and locations are essential in evaluating the efficiency of a production line. In this regard, a production plan comes in handy. To this end, the job status becomes well defined in the event that a company comes up with a production plan. The firm has just adopted an MRP system. The application has lowered inventory costs. Keeping track of the job status improves on-time deliveries. The job status in a manufacturing company entails the phase of production of a product. In the case of Space Age Furniture, everything in the master schedule is being produced for customer orders, so all products are shipped almost immediately (Vonderembse White, 2013). In this regard, the job status would be establishing the phase in which the respective components are produced. The use of tracking software allows the management to effectively establish the procedures of manufacturing. The job status allows a company to establish the inventory and demands. To this end, there needs to be an effective inventory audit to ensure that all the production phases are carried out within the necessary timelines. According to MacCarthy, Wilson, and Crawford (2001), the location of a product is essential in determining the delivery times to the consumer. Consequently, estimating the location can also take the form of computer software. Automated monitoring techniques are essential in estimating and managing the location of a given product. Automation is cost effective and fast. Recommended Changes The case study by Space Age Furniture Company alludes to the fact that two of its products (the Saturn microwave stand and the Gemini TV stand) have a component that requires machining. Changes may be made to the company’s operations on the basis of these indications. According to Vonderembse and White (2013), the components are prepared on a special lathe. The main problem was the overtime in which the machinist had to work to ensure efficient delivery of the two stands. The ideal solution in that regard would be the hiring of another machinist alongside another lathe (Vonderembse White, 2013). Manufacturing companies optimise their performance when there are multiple machines that can carry out a given function. In this regard, the recommendation to acquire an additi onal machine and an extra employee would greatly improve on the company’s performance. Heim et al. (2013) argue that asset acquisition is expensive especially when it comes to manufacturing. Consequently, the company can opt for an outsourcing program. Outsourcing helps to minimise the cost of production. As already mentioned, the major problem emerges when a single employee has to work overtime to produce more products. To this end, Llewellyn and Tappin (2003) argue that overtime costs can be avoided when a company decides to take advantage of the various shifts throughout the day. Evidently, the two stands are essential towards developing the various products of Space Age Furniture. Towards this end, the company can transfer the additional employee to a new shift to avoid the overtime costs. Such a move will greatly improve on the quality of service delivery. Conclusion At the beginning of this discussion it was stated that MRP is essential to realise effective performance of a manufacturing endeavour. According to Vonderembse and White (2013), MRP helps to improve the production line of an organization. The discussion reveals that the job shop is the primary mode of production. To this end, the MRP developed for Space Age Furniture is essential in determining the materials required for the production. However, there is need for further research on this subject to establish the appropriate criteria of developing MRP. Nevertheless the current paper has demonstrated that indeed MRP is critical to the improvement of the production efficiency. Companies with high inventory costs can always readjust their base MRP computations. References Hamraz, B., Caldwell, N., Clarkson, J. (2013). A holistic categorization framework for literature on engineering change management. Systems Engineering, 16(4), 473-505. Heim, G., Peng, X., Shekhar, J. (2013). Longitudinal analysis of inhibitors of manufacturer delivery performance. Decision Sciences, 45(6), 1117-1158. L i, H., Li, L. (2000). Integrating systems concepts into manufacturing information sciences. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17(2), 135-147. Llewellyn, S., Tappin, E. (2003). Strategy in the public sector: Management in the wilderness. Journal of Management Studies, 40(4), 955-982. MacCarthy, B., Wilson, J., Crawford, S. (2001). Human performance in manufacturing and service industries. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries, 11(4), 299-320. Vonderembse, M., White, G. (2013). Operations management. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. This case study on Materials Requirement Planning at Space Age Furniture was written and submitted by user Silas Richards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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